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Unit 2 · 27–40% of Exam

Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

The mathematics of proportional change. Exponential functions model growth and decay; logarithmic functions are their inverses. Master sequences, the form ab^x, composition and inverses, logarithm properties, and how to solve equations and build models with both.

15 topics
~30–45 class periods
27–40% of the exam
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Precalculus

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 2 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
24 interactive flashcards covering sequences, exponential and logarithmic functions, composition, inverses, and log properties. Tap to flip.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 2 — every key form, log property, and exam trap on a single screen.
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Essentials
The core concepts plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 2 with graphs of exponential growth, decay, inverses, and semi-log plots.
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MCQ Practice
35 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 2

All 15 topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 2.1
Change in Arithmetic & Geometric Sequences
Arithmetic sequences add a common difference (linear); geometric sequences multiply by a common ratio (exponential).
Topic 2.2
Change in Linear & Exponential Functions
Linear functions change by equal differences; exponential functions change by equal ratios over equal intervals.
Topic 2.3
Exponential Functions
The form f(x)=ab^x, domain and range, growth vs. decay, and the horizontal asymptote.
Topic 2.4
Exponential Function Manipulation
Using properties of exponents to rewrite exponential expressions in equivalent, useful forms.
Topic 2.5
Exponential Function Context & Data Modeling
Building exponential models, growth/decay rates, and calculating exponential regressions.
Topic 2.6
Competing Function Model Validation
Comparing candidate models for a data set and judging fit using residuals.
Topic 2.7
Composition of Functions
Combining functions as f(g(x)) and determining the domain of a composite.
Topic 2.8
Inverse Functions
Reversing inputs and outputs; the horizontal line test; f(f⁻¹(x)) = x.
Topic 2.9
Logarithmic Expressions
Logarithms as exponents: log_b(x) = y means b^y = x.
Topic 2.10
Inverses of Exponential Functions
The logarithm is the inverse of the exponential; their graphs reflect over y = x.
Topic 2.11
Logarithmic Functions
Graphs, domain and range, the vertical asymptote, and increasing/decreasing behavior.
Topic 2.12
Logarithmic Function Manipulation
The product, quotient, and power properties, plus the change-of-base formula.
Topic 2.13
Exponential & Logarithmic Equations & Inequalities
Solving using the inverse relationship and log properties; checking for extraneous solutions.
Topic 2.14
Logarithmic Function Context & Data Modeling
Logarithmic models (pH, decibels, magnitude) and calculating logarithmic regressions.
Topic 2.15
Semi-log Plots
Plotting log(output) vs. input — exponential data becomes a straight line.

About Unit 2

Unit 2 is about proportional change — situations where a quantity grows or shrinks by a constant factor rather than a constant amount. It opens by contrasting arithmetic and geometric sequences (and their linear and exponential cousins), then develops exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x, including growth versus decay, the horizontal asymptote, and how to build and validate exponential models from data.

The second half introduces the exponential function's mirror image. Through composition and inverse functions, you meet the logarithm — the inverse of the exponential — and learn its graph, its domain and vertical asymptote, and the product, quotient, power, and change-of-base properties. These tools let you solve exponential and logarithmic equations, build logarithmic models (pH, decibels, earthquake magnitude), and read semi-log plots, where exponential data appears as a straight line.

This unit is 27–40% of the exam and takes about 30–45 class periods. The three mathematical practices below run through every topic:

Practice 1
Procedural & Symbolic Fluency — solving equations and applying log properties
Practice 2
Multiple Representations — graphical, numerical, analytical, and verbal
Practice 3
Communication & Reasoning — justifying model choices with residuals
Up next
Unit 3: Trigonometric & Polar Functions
Start Unit 3 →