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Unit 2 · Definition of the Derivative

Differentiation: Definition & Fundamental Properties

The derivative arrives. Define it as the limit of average rates of change, connect it to the slope of the tangent line and to continuity, then learn the fundamental rules — power, product, and quotient — and the derivatives of the key functions.

10 topics
AB 10–12% · BC 4–7%
~13 class periods (AB)
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Calculus AB/BC

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 2 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
24 interactive flashcards covering the derivative definition, differentiability, and every basic differentiation rule. Tap to flip.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 2 — every rule, derivative, and exam trap on a single screen.
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Essentials
The core concepts plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 2 with the tangent line, difference quotient, and the rule table.
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MCQ Practice
35 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 2

All 10 topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 2.1
Average & Instantaneous Rates of Change
Average rate as the slope of a secant line, and the instantaneous rate as a limit.
Topic 2.2
Defining the Derivative & Notation
The derivative as a limit of difference quotients, and derivative notation.
Topic 2.3
Estimating Derivatives at a Point
Approximating a derivative from a graph or a table of values.
Topic 2.4
Connecting Differentiability & Continuity
Differentiability implies continuity, and where derivatives fail to exist.
Topic 2.5
Applying the Power Rule
The rule d/dx[xⁿ] = n·xⁿ⁻¹.
Topic 2.6
Constant, Sum, Difference & Constant Multiple Rules
Basic linearity rules for differentiating.
Topic 2.7
Derivatives of cos x, sin x, eᵇ, and ln x
The derivatives of four key functions.
Topic 2.8
The Product Rule
Differentiating a product of two functions.
Topic 2.9
The Quotient Rule
Differentiating a quotient of two functions.
Topic 2.10
Derivatives of tan, cot, sec & csc
Derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions.

About Unit 2

Unit 2 introduces the derivative, the second central idea of calculus. It grows from Unit 1's limits: the average rate of change over an interval is the slope of a secant line, and the instantaneous rate of change is the limit of those averages as the interval shrinks — which is the derivative. Formally, f′(x) = lim(h→0) [f(x+h) − f(x)]/h, and it equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph.

You'll connect differentiability and continuity (differentiable functions are continuous, but not the reverse — think of a corner), and see where derivatives fail to exist. Then the unit builds your toolkit of fundamental rules: the power rule, the constant/sum/difference/constant-multiple rules, the derivatives of sin x, cos x, eᵇ, and ln x, and the product and quotient rules — finishing with the derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions.

On the exam this unit is 10–12% for AB and 4–7% for BC, and takes about 13 class periods (AB). The four mathematical practices below run through every topic:

Practice 1
Implementing Mathematical Processes
Practice 2
Connecting Representations
Practice 3
Justification
Practice 4
Communication & Notation
Up next
Unit 3: Composite, Implicit & Inverse Functions
Start Unit 3 →