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Unit 6 · Harmony & Voice Leading III

Embellishments, Motives & Melodic Devices

How melodies decorate the underlying harmony. Identify and write non-chord tones (passing tones, neighbor tones, appoggiaturas, escape tones, anticipations, pedal points, and suspensions), then see how composers develop a short motive and build momentum with melodic and harmonic sequences.

7 CED topics
Pitch · Design
2 Big Ideas touched
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Music Theory

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 6 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
18 interactive flashcards covering every key term from Unit 6. Tap to flip, shuffle, and use keyboard arrows.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 6 — every key topic, term, and rule on a single screen.
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Essentials
The key concepts plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 6 with non-chord tone diagrams, motivic transformation, and sequence patterns.
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MCQ Practice
25 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 6

Seven topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 6.1
Identifying Passing & Neighbor Tones
Recognizing the two most common non-chord tones by their step-wise approach and resolution.
Topic 6.2
Writing Passing & Neighbor Tones
Notating these embellishments correctly within four-part voice leading.
Topic 6.3
Anticipations, Escape Tones, Appoggiaturas & Pedal Points
Four more non-chord tone types, each with its own approach-and-resolution pattern.
Topic 6.4
Suspensions & Retardations
Writing suspensions (prepare–suspend–resolve down) and identifying retardations (resolve up).
Topic 6.5
Motive & Motivic Transformation
A short musical idea and the ways composers transform it: transposition, inversion, augmentation, diminution.
Topic 6.6
Melodic Sequence
Repeating a melodic pattern at a new pitch level to build momentum.
Topic 6.7
Harmonic Sequence
Repeating a chord progression at successive pitch levels, most often by descending fifths or stepwise motion.

About Unit 6

Unit 6 is about how melodies get decorated without changing the underlying harmony. You'll learn seven types of non-chord tones — passing tones, neighbor tones, appoggiaturas, escape tones, anticipations, pedal points, and suspensions/retardations — each identified by how it's approached and how it resolves.

The second half of the unit steps back to look at larger-scale organization: how a short motive is transformed (transposed, inverted, augmented, diminished) across a piece, and how melodic and harmonic sequences repeat a pattern at successive pitch levels to build momentum toward a goal.

Unlike most AP courses, the College Board does not assign a percentage of the exam to each unit — the exam is weighted by section (45% multiple choice, 45% free response, 10% sight-singing). Unit 6's non-chord tones show up constantly in aural and notated analysis questions across the exam.

Unit 6 develops two of the four AP Music Theory Big Ideas:

Big Idea 1
Pitch — non-chord tones and harmonic sequence
Big Idea 4
Music Design — motivic transformation and melodic sequence
Up next
Unit 7: Secondary Function
Start Unit 7 →