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Unit 5 · Harmony & Voice Leading II

Chord Progressions & Predominant Function

Filling in the T–PD–D–T model. Add predominant chords (ii, IV) to a phrase, meet the tonic-substitute vi and the rare iii, resolve predominant seventh chords, and learn the special role of the cadential six-four and its neighboring, passing, and arpeggiated cousins.

7 CED topics
Pitch · Form · Design
3 Big Ideas touched
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Music Theory

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 5 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
18 interactive flashcards covering every key term from Unit 5. Tap to flip, shuffle, and use keyboard arrows.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 5 — every key topic, term, and rule on a single screen.
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Essentials
The key concepts plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 5 with the T-PD-D-T model, predominant sevenths, and the types of six-four chords.
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MCQ Practice
25 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 5

Seven topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 5.1
Adding Predominant Function (IV/iv, ii/ii°)
The T–PD–D–T phrase model, and adding subdominant and supertonic chords to a melodic phrase.
Topic 5.2
The vi (VI) Chord
The submediant as a tonic substitute and the target of the deceptive cadence.
Topic 5.3
Predominant Seventh Chords
ii7 and iiø7, with emphasis on resolving the chordal seventh.
Topic 5.4
The iii (III) Chord
Why the mediant triad is rare in 18th-century style, and where it does appear.
Topic 5.5
Cadences & Predominant Function
Plagal, Phrygian half, and deceptive cadences alongside the authentic types.
Topic 5.6
Cadential Six-Four Chords
Why the cadential 6/4 functions as a dominant embellishment, not a tonic chord.
Topic 5.7
Additional Six-Four Chords
Neighboring (pedal), passing, and arpeggiated six-four types.

About Unit 5

Unit 5 fills out the predominant side of the T–PD–D–T model from Unit 4. You'll add IV/iv and ii/ii° to real phrases, meet vi as a tonic substitute (the target of the deceptive cadence), and see why iii is the rarest diatonic triad in this style. You'll also resolve predominant seventh chords (ii7, iiø7) and learn a new cadence type — the Phrygian half cadence.

The second half of the unit is the six-four chord: the famous cadential 6/4, which despite its spelling functions as a dominant embellishment rather than a tonic chord, plus the neighboring, passing, and arpeggiated six-fours that decorate a bass line without changing harmonic function.

Unlike most AP courses, the College Board does not assign a percentage of the exam to each unit — the exam is weighted by section (45% multiple choice, 45% free response, 10% sight-singing). But Units 4–7 (harmony and voice leading) drive most of the part-writing and analysis on the free-response section.

Unit 5 develops three of the four AP Music Theory Big Ideas:

Big Idea 1
Pitch — predominant chords and six-four chords
Big Idea 3
Form — cadence types built on predominant harmony
Big Idea 4
Music Design — part-writing with seventh chords and inversions
Up next
Unit 6: Embellishments, Motives & Melodic Devices
Start Unit 6 →