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Unit 6 · Energy Resources & Consumption Unit Hub Flashcards Cheat Sheet Essentials Visual Review MC Practice FRQ Practice
Unit 6 · 10–15% of Exam

Energy Resources & Consumption

How we generate and consume energy, and at what cost. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear power, and the major renewables — solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass — plus the energy conservation strategies that reduce demand.

13 topics
~16–17 class periods
1 Big Idea covered
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Environmental Science

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 6 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
25 interactive flashcards covering every key term from Unit 6. Tap to flip, shuffle, and use keyboard arrows.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 6 — every key topic, term, and theme on a single screen.
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Essentials
The big ideas plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 6 with diagrams of fossil fuel extraction, reactors, and renewable energy systems.
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MCQ Practice
34 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 6

Thirteen topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 6.1
Renewable & Nonrenewable Resources
The distinction between resources that regenerate on a human timescale and those that don't, like fossil fuels.
Topic 6.2
Global Energy Consumption
How total energy use and the mix of sources varies between developed and developing nations.
Topic 6.3
Fuel Types & Uses
Coal, oil, and natural gas, and the different sectors (electricity, transportation, heating) each fuel type powers.
Topic 6.4
Distribution of Natural Energy Resources
Why fossil fuel and mineral deposits are unevenly distributed globally, and the geopolitical consequences.
Topic 6.5
Fossil Fuels
How coal, oil, and natural gas form, are extracted (drilling, fracking) and refined, and are burned to release energy along with CO2 and other pollutants.
Topic 6.6
Nuclear Power
Nuclear fission, the benefits of low-emission baseload power, and the risks of waste disposal and meltdown.
Topic 6.7
Energy from Biomass
Burning organic material (wood, crop waste) or converting it to biofuels for energy.
Topic 6.8
Solar Energy
Photovoltaic cells and solar thermal systems, and the tradeoffs of intermittency and land use.
Topic 6.9
Hydroelectric Power
Generating electricity from flowing or falling water, and the ecological tradeoffs of dam construction.
Topic 6.10
Geothermal Energy
Tapping Earth's internal heat for electricity or direct heating, most viable in geologically active regions.
Topic 6.11
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Generating electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing only water as a byproduct.
Topic 6.12
Wind Energy
Turbines converting wind's kinetic energy into electricity, and siting considerations like wind speed and wildlife impact.
Topic 6.13
Energy Conservation
Reducing energy demand through efficiency improvements and behavioral change, often the cheapest way to cut emissions.

About Unit 6

Unit 6 surveys every major way humans generate energy — from the fossil fuels that still dominate global supply, to nuclear power, to the full range of renewables. For each source, you need to know how it works, its environmental tradeoffs, and how it fits into the bigger sustainability picture.

This unit is roughly 10–15% of the AP Environmental Science exam and takes about 16–17 class periods — one of the most topic-dense units alongside Unit 5, with 13 distinct content areas covering both fuel sources and conservation strategies.

The College Board ties Unit 6 to a single Big Idea:

Big Idea: ENG
Energy Transfer — how each energy source is converted to usable power, and the tradeoffs of each
Up next
Unit 7: Atmospheric Pollution
Start Unit 7 →