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Unit 1 · 20–30% of Exam

Exploring One-Variable Data & Collecting Data

Where AP Statistics begins. Tell categorical from quantitative variables, display them the right way, and describe a distribution by its shape, center, spread, and outliers. Then learn how to collect trustworthy data through random sampling and well-designed experiments.

13 topics
~26 class periods
20–30% of the exam
College Board aligned
← Back to AP Statistics

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 1 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
24 interactive flashcards covering variables, distributions, summary statistics, sampling, and experimental design. Tap to flip.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 1 — every key display, statistic, and exam trap on a single screen.
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Essentials
The core concepts plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 1 with histograms, boxplots, distribution shapes, and sampling methods.
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MCQ Practice
35 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 1

All 13 topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 1.1
Introducing Statistics: What Can We Learn from Data?
How statistics uses data to answer questions and make decisions under uncertainty.
Topic 1.2
Variables
Individuals and variables; the difference between categorical and quantitative variables.
Topic 1.3
Tabular Representation & Summary Statistics for One Categorical Variable
Frequency and relative frequency tables for a single categorical variable.
Topic 1.4
Graphical Representations for One Categorical Variable
Bar charts and pie charts, and reading them in context.
Topic 1.5
Graphical Representations for One Quantitative Variable
Dotplots, stem-and-leaf plots, and histograms.
Topic 1.6
Descriptions for One Quantitative Variable Distributions
Describing shape, center, spread, and unusual features (SOCS).
Topic 1.7
Summary Statistics for One Quantitative Variable
Mean, median, range, IQR, and standard deviation — and which are resistant.
Topic 1.8
Graphical Representations of Summary Statistics
The five-number summary, boxplots, and the 1.5·IQR rule for outliers.
Topic 1.9
Comparisons of the Distributions for One Quantitative Variable
Comparing two or more groups by shape, center, spread, and outliers.
Topic 1.10
The Investigative Question Revisited & Data Collection
Moving from a question to data; populations, samples, parameters, and statistics.
Topic 1.11
Random Sampling
Simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic samples — and why randomness matters.
Topic 1.12
Potential Problems with Sampling
Sources of bias: undercoverage, nonresponse, response bias, and voluntary response.
Topic 1.13
Experimental Design
Observational studies vs. experiments; control, randomization, replication, and confounding.

About Unit 1

Unit 1 is the largest unit on the exam and the foundation for everything that follows. It splits into two big ideas. First, exploring one-variable data: you learn to tell categorical variables from quantitative ones, choose the right display for each (bar charts and pie charts for categorical; dotplots, stemplots, and histograms for quantitative), and describe a distribution by its shape, outliers, center, and spread (SOCS). You'll compute and compare summary statistics — mean, median, range, IQR, and standard deviation — and know which are resistant to outliers.

Second, collecting data: because a conclusion is only as good as the data behind it, you study random sampling (simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic samples), the bias that creeps in when sampling goes wrong, and the principles of experimental design — control, randomization, and replication — that let you argue for cause and effect.

This unit is 20–30% of the AP Statistics exam and takes about 26 class periods. The four statistical practices below run through every topic:

Practice 1
Formulate Questions — pose a valid investigative question
Practice 2
Collect Data — justify ethical methods for gathering data
Practice 3
Analyze Data — build displays and calculate statistics
Practice 4
Interpret Results — draw and justify conclusions in context
Up next
Unit 2: Probability, Random Variables & Probability Distributions
Start Unit 2 →