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Unit 1 · Thermodynamics Unit Hub Flashcards Cheat Sheet Essentials Visual Review MC Practice FRQ Practice
Unit 1 · 15–18% of Exam

Thermodynamics

The physics of heat and gases. Kinetic theory connects the microscopic motion of particles to macroscopic temperature and pressure, the ideal gas law ties it all together mathematically, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics govern how energy and entropy move through any system.

6 topics
6 study resources
College Board aligned
100% free
← Back to AP Physics 2

Choose your study tool

Six ways to master Unit 1 — pick whichever fits how you like to study.

Flashcards
25 interactive flashcards covering every key term from Unit 1. Tap to flip, shuffle, and use keyboard arrows.
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Cheat Sheet
A one-page visual summary of Unit 1 — every key topic, term, and theme on a single screen.
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Essentials
The big ideas plus a searchable glossary of every vocabulary term you need to know for the exam.
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Visual Review
A slide-by-slide walkthrough of Unit 1 with diagrams of gas particles, PV diagrams, and heat engines.
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MCQ Practice
35 multiple-choice questions in College Board exam style — with full explanations of every answer.
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FRQ Practice
A free-response question with model answers showing exactly how each part earns its point on the exam.
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Topics in Unit 1

Six topics from the College Board CED, in order.

Topic 1.1
Kinetic Theory of Temperature & Pressure
Temperature as average kinetic energy; pressure from particle collisions with container walls.
Topic 1.2
The Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT = Nk_BT, and how pressure, volume, temperature, and moles relate for an ideal gas.
Topic 1.3
Thermal Energy Transfer & Equilibrium
Conduction, convection, and radiation; how systems reach thermal equilibrium (the zeroth law).
Topic 1.4
The First Law of Thermodynamics
ΔU = Q − W, energy conservation, and reading work and heat from PV diagrams.
Topic 1.5
Specific Heat & Thermal Conductivity
Q = mcΔT, calorimetry, and how materials differ in how fast they conduct heat.
Topic 1.6
Entropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy always increases for isolated systems; why no heat engine can be 100% efficient.

About Unit 1

Unit 1 builds the thermal foundation for the rest of AP Physics 2. You'll learn how the random motion of countless gas particles produces the macroscopic properties we can measure — temperature and pressure — and how the ideal gas law ties pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of gas together in one equation.

This unit is tied for the highest weighting on the exam at roughly 15–18% of the AP Physics 2 exam (alongside Units 2 and 3). Mastering PV diagrams and the first and second laws here pays off immediately, since the same energy-accounting logic returns throughout the course.

Note: the College Board's revised Course and Exam Description numbers the AP Physics 2 units 9–15, continuing from AP Physics 1's units 1–8 — so this unit appears there as Unit 9: Thermodynamics, with topics 9.1–9.6. We number it Unit 1 since it's the first unit of the Physics 2 course.

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Unit 2: Electric Force, Field, & Potential
Start Unit 2 →