Write your response, then click Show Answer to reveal the key points for full credit. Check each bullet against your answer before moving on. Always be specific and include a causal mechanism when asked to explain.
SAQ Practice · define
Define industrialization.
Key Points for Full Credit
Industrialization = transition from agricultural to manufacturing-based economy
Characterized by machinery, factory systems, specialization of labor, and mass production
Must include both the transition AND the use of machinery/factories
Rubric note: Award 1 point for a complete, accurate definition. Industrialization is the process by which an economy transitions from primarily agricultural production to manufacturing-based production, characterized by the use of machinery, factory systems, specialization of labor, and the conversion of raw materials into finished goods at scale. Must include the transition from agriculture to manufacturing AND the use of machinery or factory systems.
SAQ Practice · describe
Describe one factor influencing industrial location.
Key Points for Full Credit
Names a specific location factor: proximity to raw materials, labor availability/cost, transportation infrastructure, market proximity, agglomeration
Explains HOW it influences where industry locates
e.g., Proximity to raw materials reduces transportation costs for heavy inputs
Must explain the mechanism — not just list factors
Rubric note: Award 1 point for naming a specific location factor AND describing how it influences where industry locates. Accept: proximity to raw materials reduces transportation costs for heavy inputs (steel mills near iron ore and coal); labor availability and cost attract labor-intensive industries to low-cost workforces; transportation infrastructure (ports, railways, highways) enables efficient movement; market proximity reduces distribution costs; agglomeration economies — clustering with related industries — reduces shared infrastructure costs. Must explain how the factor influences location decisions.
SAQ Practice · explain
Explain how the Weber model predicts factory location.
Key Points for Full Credit
Weber predicts factories locate where total production costs are minimized: transportation of inputs + outputs + labor
Weight-losing industries locate near raw materials; weight-gaining near markets
Labor cost savings can pull factories away from the transportation-optimal location
Must explain the cost-minimization logic
Rubric note: Award 1 point for explaining the model's logic causally. Weber's least-cost theory predicts factories locate where total production costs — transportation of inputs + transportation to market + labor costs — are minimized. Weight-losing industries (raw materials are heavier than finished product) locate near raw materials; weight-gaining industries locate near markets; labor cost savings can pull factories away from the transportation-optimal location. Must explain the cost-minimization logic, not just name the model.
SAQ Practice · describe
Describe one stage of Rostow's development model.
Key Points for Full Credit
Names a specific stage with its defining economic characteristics
e.g., Stage 5 (High Mass Consumption): service-dominant, high incomes, consumer economy
Must name the stage AND describe what happens in it
Rubric note: Award 1 point for accurately describing a specific stage with its defining economic characteristics. Must name the stage AND describe what happens. Stage 1 (Traditional Society): subsistence agriculture dominates, limited technology. Stage 2 (Preconditions for Takeoff): commercial agriculture emerges, infrastructure investment begins. Stage 3 (Takeoff): rapid industrialization, manufacturing growth, rising investment rates. Stage 4 (Drive to Maturity): diversified industrial economy, modern technology across sectors. Stage 5 (High Mass Consumption): consumer economy, high incomes, service sector dominant.
SAQ Practice · explain
Explain how globalization affects manufacturing.
Key Points for Full Credit
Identifies a specific mechanism by which globalization affects manufacturing
e.g., Lower trade barriers + cheaper shipping allow corporations to locate wherever costs are lowest → global supply chains and deindustrialization in high-wage countries
Must explain the mechanism causally — not just say 'globalization moved factories overseas'
Rubric note: Award 1 point for explaining a causal mechanism. A complete response identifies a specific way globalization changes manufacturing — e.g., reduced trade barriers and lower shipping costs allow corporations to locate manufacturing wherever costs are lowest, producing global supply chains and deindustrializing high-wage countries; access to global markets enables specialization and scale economies; competition from low-cost manufacturers forces high-wage producers to automate or shift to higher-value production. Must explain the mechanism causally.
SAQ Practice · describe
Describe one impact of deindustrialization.
Key Points for Full Credit
Describes a specific impact of deindustrialization: regional economic decline, structural unemployment, urban decay, brownfield sites, fiscal pressure on local governments
Explains the mechanism behind that impact
e.g., Manufacturing job losses → workers with industrial skills unemployed → reduced tax base → city services cut
Rubric note: Award 1 point for a specific impact with enough detail. Accept: regional economic decline in former industrial centers (Rust Belt, northern England) as manufacturing jobs disappear, causing unemployment, outmigration, and urban decay; structural unemployment — workers with industrial skills find those skills no longer in demand; fiscal pressure on local governments as tax bases shrink while social service needs grow; environmental legacy of contaminated brownfield sites. Must describe a specific impact with its mechanism.
SAQ Practice · explain
Explain how outsourcing affects labor markets.
Key Points for Full Credit
Explains how outsourcing affects at least one labor market with a causal mechanism
In sending country: displacement of workers, structural unemployment, downward wage pressure
In receiving country: increased employment in outsourced sectors, rising wages in those sectors
Must explain the mechanism in at least one country
Rubric note: Award 1 point for explaining causal mechanisms in at least one labor market. Outsourcing — relocating production functions to lower-cost locations — reduces employment in the outsourcing country while increasing employment in the receiving country; in the receiving country wages may rise in outsourced sectors; in the sending country displaced workers face structural unemployment or shift to lower-paying service jobs; wage competition from outsourcing destinations may suppress wages for remaining similar workers in the sending country. Must explain the mechanism in at least one labor market.
SAQ Practice · describe
Describe one environmental effect of industry.
Key Points for Full Credit
Describes a specific environmental effect: air pollution (particulates, acid rain), water pollution, soil contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion
Explains the mechanism: HOW industry produces that impact
Rubric note: Award 1 point for a specific environmental effect with enough detail. Accept: air pollution — industrial combustion releases particulates and sulfur dioxide causing acid rain and respiratory illness; water pollution — industrial effluent contaminates rivers and groundwater; soil contamination — chemical spills and waste disposal create toxic brownfields; greenhouse gas emissions from energy-intensive processes contribute to climate change; resource depletion — industrial extraction transforms landscapes and exhausts finite resources. Must describe a specific effect with its mechanism.
SAQ Practice · explain
Explain how industrialization contributes to economic inequality.
Key Points for Full Credit
Explains a specific causal mechanism linking industrialization to inequality
e.g., Returns to capital (profits) grow faster than wages → wealth concentrates among owners
e.g., Industrial development is geographically uneven → prosperous cores, impoverished peripheries
Must explain a specific mechanism — not just say 'some people benefit more than others'
Rubric note: Award 1 point for explaining a causal mechanism. Accept: industrialization concentrates wealth among capital owners who capture productivity gains while wages grow more slowly; industrial development is geographically uneven, creating prosperous industrial cores and impoverished peripheries; skill-biased technological change increases returns to education and capital while reducing demand for unskilled labor; early industrial wages are low and conditions dangerous, benefiting consumers and owners at workers' expense. Must explain the mechanism.
SAQ Practice · describe
Describe one advantage of special economic zones (SEZs).
Key Points for Full Credit
Describes a specific advantage of SEZs with its mechanism
e.g., Tax holidays and relaxed regulations attract foreign direct investment that wouldn't otherwise locate there
e.g., Clusters of export manufacturers share infrastructure → efficiency gains
Must describe a specific advantage AND how it works
Rubric note: Award 1 point for a specific advantage with enough detail. SEZs are designated areas with favorable economic regulations. Accept: SEZs attract foreign direct investment by offering tax holidays, reduced regulations, and simplified customs that make production more profitable than elsewhere; SEZs create manufacturing employment and introduce modern production techniques; SEZs enable export growth by clustering export-oriented manufacturers with efficient infrastructure; SEZs allow governments to experiment with market-oriented policies in a limited area. Must describe a specific advantage with its mechanism.