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★ SAT Reading & Writing Essentials

Vocabulary & Big Ideas for all 4 domains

The key terms and core concepts behind every SAT Reading & Writing question. Organized by the four official College Board domains, with student-friendly definitions you can actually remember.

50+ key terms
12 big ideas
Searchable
Free
Domain 1 · ~26% of the section

Information & Ideas

These questions test what a passage states or directly implies. You will need to identify central ideas, choose the textual or quantitative evidence that best supports a claim, and draw modest inferences that stay grounded in the text. Always defend your answer with specific words from the passage.

Central Idea
The main point or overall message an author is trying to communicate in a passage.
Main Idea
Supporting Detail
A specific fact or example that backs up the main idea of a text.
Evidence
Command of Evidence
Choosing the quotation, detail, or data point that best supports or weakens a given claim.
Evidence
Textual Evidence
Specific words or sentences from a passage used to support a conclusion.
Evidence
Quantitative Evidence
Data drawn from a chart, graph, or table that accompanies a passage and must be interpreted.
Data
Inference
A logical conclusion drawn from what a text states, without going beyond what it supports.
Reasoning
Conclusion
A reasoned judgment that follows logically from the evidence presented in a passage.
Reasoning
Informational Graphic
A chart, graph, or table paired with a passage that students use to answer the question.
Data
Reading Comprehension
Understanding what a passage directly states without inferring beyond it.
Comprehension
Summary
A brief restatement of a passage's most important points.
Main Idea
Big Idea 1
The answer is always in the passage
Information & Ideas questions test what the text actually says or directly implies, never outside knowledge. The correct answer can always be defended by pointing to specific words. If a choice requires assuming something the text does not state, it is wrong.
ComprehensionStrategy
Big Idea 2
Evidence questions reward precision
When a question asks which detail best supports a claim, match the claim exactly. A choice can be true and still wrong if it supports a different point. For quantitative questions, read the axis labels and units before choosing.
EvidenceData
Big Idea 3
Inference means small steps, not big leaps
A correct inference is only one logical step beyond the text. Wrong answers usually overreach: they sound dramatic or sweeping. The safest inference is the most modest one the evidence will support.
ReasoningInference
Domain 2 · ~28% of the section · largest domain

Craft & Structure

This is the largest domain on the section. It tests vocabulary in context, how a passage is organized, the function of specific sentences, and how two short passages compare. The SAT does not test rare words. It tests common words used in tricky ways, so context matters more than memorization.

Words in Context
Working out a word's meaning from how it is used in a sentence. The most common Craft & Structure skill on the test.
Vocabulary
Multiple-Meaning Words
Familiar words that shift meaning depending on context; a major SAT focus.
Vocabulary
Connotation
The feeling or association a word carries beyond its literal dictionary meaning.
Vocabulary
Denotation
The literal, dictionary definition of a word.
Vocabulary
Text Structure
How a passage is organized: cause-effect, compare-contrast, sequence, problem-solution.
Structure
Text Purpose
The reason an author wrote a passage or a specific part of it.
Purpose
Function
The job a particular sentence or paragraph does within the larger passage.
Structure
Cross-Text Connection
Comparing the ideas or viewpoints of two short related passages.
Comparison
Tone
The author's attitude toward the subject, revealed through word choice.
Voice
Point of View
The perspective or stance from which a text is written.
Voice
High-Utility Vocabulary
Common but advanced words the SAT expects you to know in context (e.g. novel, qualify, sustain, compromise).
Vocabulary
Big Idea 1
The SAT tests common words used in tricky ways
Vocabulary questions rarely use rare words. Instead they use familiar words, like novel, qualify, or sustain, whose meaning shifts with context. Always read the full sentence and let the surrounding clue point to the answer.
VocabularyContext
Big Idea 2
Purpose questions ask "why," not "what"
When a question asks the function of a sentence, it wants the job that sentence does: introducing a contrast, giving an example, or challenging an assumption. It does not want a summary of its content. Think about how it connects to what surrounds it.
PurposeStructure
Big Idea 3
Cross-text questions are about relationships
When two passages appear, the question is almost always how one author would respond to the other. Identify each author's main claim first, then decide whether the second would agree, disagree, qualify, or add to the first.
ComparisonArgument
Domain 3 · ~20% of the section

Expression of Ideas

These questions test how well you can revise writing for clarity, concision, and a stated goal. Two main question types appear: transitions (picking the word that names the right logical link) and rhetorical synthesis (picking the sentence that best accomplishes a goal using a set of bullet-point notes).

Rhetorical Synthesis
A question type that gives a set of bullet-point notes and asks for the sentence that best meets a stated writing goal.
Synthesis
Writing Goal
The specific purpose a synthesis question asks you to accomplish, such as emphasizing a contrast or introducing a topic.
Synthesis
Transition
A word or phrase that shows the logical link between ideas (however, therefore, for example).
Transitions
Contrast Transition
Signals an opposing idea: however, but, on the other hand.
Transitions
Cause-Effect Transition
Signals a result: therefore, as a result, consequently.
Transitions
Addition Transition
Signals more of the same idea: in addition, furthermore, also.
Transitions
Sequence Transition
Signals order or time: first, next, finally.
Transitions
Conciseness
Expressing an idea clearly with no unnecessary words.
Style
Redundancy
Repeating the same idea needlessly; the SAT rewards removing it.
Style
Word Choice
Selecting the most precise and appropriate word for the context.
Style
Big Idea 1
Transitions are decided by logic, not sound
For transition questions, ignore which word "sounds right" and identify the relationship between the two ideas: do they contrast, does one cause the other, or does the second add to the first? Pick the transition that names that exact relationship.
TransitionsLogic
Big Idea 2
Synthesis questions: the goal is everything
In rhetorical synthesis questions, every answer choice is usually factually true. The only thing that matters is which one accomplishes the stated goal. Read the goal carefully and pick the choice that does that specific job, even if other choices are accurate.
SynthesisGoals
Big Idea 3
Shorter is usually better
When two choices say the same thing and both are grammatically correct, the SAT favors the more concise one. Wordiness and repetition are treated as flaws, so trim anything that does not add meaning.
StyleConciseness
Domain 4 · ~26% of the section · fastest to improve

Standard English Conventions

Pure grammar and punctuation. This is the most concrete domain on the section. The rules are learnable and the answers are unambiguous. Strong grammar study often produces the biggest score gains in the shortest time. Most questions reduce to one core skill: deciding whether each side of a punctuation mark is a complete sentence.

Independent Clause
A group of words with a subject and verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Sentence Structure
Dependent Clause
A clause that cannot stand alone and relies on the rest of the sentence.
Sentence Structure
Sentence Fragment
An incomplete sentence missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.
Sentence Structure
Run-On Sentence
Two complete sentences joined incorrectly without proper punctuation.
Sentence Structure
Comma Splice
A run-on where two complete sentences are joined by only a comma. This is an error.
Punctuation
Subject-Verb Agreement
A verb must match its subject in number: singular subject, singular verb.
Grammar
Pronoun Agreement
A pronoun must match the noun it refers to in number and gender.
Grammar
Pronoun Clarity
A pronoun must clearly point to one specific noun, not be ambiguous.
Grammar
Verb Tense Consistency
Verb tenses should stay logical and consistent within a passage.
Grammar
Modifier Placement
A describing word or phrase must sit next to the word it describes.
Grammar
Dangling Modifier
A modifier with no clear word to describe, creating confusion.
Grammar
Parallel Structure
Items in a list or comparison should share the same grammatical form.
Grammar
Semicolon
Joins two complete, closely related sentences without a conjunction.
Punctuation
Colon
Introduces a list, explanation, or example after a complete sentence.
Punctuation
Dash
Sets off extra or emphasized information; works like commas or a colon.
Punctuation
Apostrophe
Shows possession or forms contractions.
Punctuation
Big Idea 1
Most punctuation questions are about joining clauses
The key skill is recognizing whether each side of a punctuation mark is a complete sentence. Two complete sentences need a semicolon, a period, or a comma plus a conjunction, never a comma alone. Learning this one rule answers a large share of the punctuation questions.
PunctuationClauses
Big Idea 2
Find the real subject before the verb
Subject-verb agreement questions often hide the subject behind extra words, as in "the collection of rare coins is." Mentally cross out phrases between the subject and verb, then check that the two match in number.
GrammarAgreement
Big Idea 3
A modifier attaches to whatever follows the comma
When a sentence opens with a descriptive phrase, the noun right after the comma must be the thing being described. If it is not, the modifier dangles. This is one of the most reliably testable patterns in the section.
GrammarModifiers

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