25 interactive flashcards covering counterargument, concession, refutation, qualification, bias, steelmanning, and logical fallacies. Tap to flip.
Counterargument, concession, and refutation are three different moves — students often conflate them. A counterargument is the opposing claim itself. A concession admits what's valid in it. A refutation explains why your position still holds despite that valid point.
As you study these terms, try to find real examples in op-ed articles or speeches — seeing these moves in action makes them much easier to identify and produce on the exam.